Coins Capture a Time, Place, and Culture in a Way Transcends Generations
Greetings jewelry history enthusiasts! I am Corey Kerkela, a world-traveling archaeologist and museum curator with a passion for unearthing the past. My fascination extends beyond buried ruins and forgotten cities, however. I am passionate about how civilizations and cultures represent themselves to the world around them and how we can see through time in the art of our forebearers. In this blog, we will discuss the captivating art that adorns coins around the world and through the ages.
Interesting fact: Ancient Spanish Reales and Escudos like these wash up on our shores every year from shipwrecks along the Treasure Coast. Click here to learn more or here to see our current coin collection
Coins are more than just a jingling form of payment. They're tiny windows into the cultures of bygone eras. Each one whispers tales of trade, empires, and artistic movements. While they're still used for everyday transactions today, their role has undoubtedly changed. In the past, coins were a symbol of a thriving economy, a powerful ruler's authority, and even a work of stunning artistry, while today they are used for the smallest of denominations and often relegated to disuse due to the lack of value attributed to them.
Let's delve into the captivating story of how these metallic marvels came to be!
The Birth of Coinage (6th Century BCE – onwards)
The exact birthplace of coinage is a topic that has numismatics enthusiasts (coin collectors) in a delightful tizzy. While Herodotus, the famed Greek historian, credits the Lydians of Asia Minor as the first coin-makers around the 6th century BCE, there are whispers of others potentially holding the title. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Kingdom of Lydia, ruled by the wealthy King Croesus, minted the earliest coins around this time. These Lydian coins were made of electrum, a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver that shimmered with a golden hue.
However, some scholars argue that coinage might have originated independently in other regions. For instance, there's evidence of stamped silver ingots from the Kingdom of Lydia's neighbor, Ionia, dating back to the 7th century BCE. These ingots, while not technically coins, hint at the development of a standardized form of currency around the same time. Similarly, archaeological finds in India reveal "punch-marked" silver and copper pieces used for trade during the 6th century BCE, suggesting another possible birthplace for coinage.
Regardless of the exact origin, the early days of coinage were marked by the use of electrum. This precious metal offered several advantages. Firstly, its natural beauty made it readily recognizable and desirable. Secondly, its inherent value due to the gold content ensured its worth as a form of payment. However, electrum's composition wasn't always consistent, leading to fluctuations in value. This inconsistency fueled the desire for a more standardized system.
Electrum is an alloy with varying amounts of silver, gold, and other metals which was used for the first coins. The colors below clearly indicate differences in the compositions of electrum coins
This is where the transition to individual metals like bronze, silver, and gold comes in. The exact timeline for this shift varies by region. In Greece, there's evidence of silver coins being minted around 510 BCE in Aegina, a major trading island. These early silver coins, known as "drachms," featured the image of a sea turtle on one side and a dolphin on the other, reflecting Aegina's maritime prominence. Bronze coinage likely followed soon after, catering to smaller transactions.
Silver Aegina Drachm
Meanwhile, in the vast empires of the Middle East, the Achaemenid Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BCE, adopted a standardized gold coinage system. Their iconic "darics" featured an archer kneeling on one knee, symbolizing the empire's military might. Silver coins, known as "sigloi," were also minted for broader circulation.
Achaemenid Daric
The story doesn't end there! China's coinage journey unfolded independently. Around the 5th century BCE, during the Warring States period, various kingdoms began issuing spade-shaped bronze coins. These unique coins, unlike their western counterparts, didn't rely on images of rulers or deities. Instead, they often featured geometric patterns or inscriptions, reflecting a different artistic approach.
So, the "birth of coinage" wasn't a single event in one location. It was a revolutionary concept that emerged around the 6th century BCE in various parts of the world, driven by the need for a standardized and reliable form of payment. As we travel through history, we'll see how these early coins evolved, showcasing the artistic styles and political landscapes of the civilizations that created them.
Technological Advancements in Coin Making: From Hammer to High-Tech
The journey of coins wasn't just about the materials used, but also the methods of creation. The art of minting, or producing coins, has undergone a fascinating transformation over the centuries, with each advancement significantly impacting coin production.
The Humble Beginnings: Hammer and Anvil (Ancient World)
Imagine a craftsman wielding a hammer, meticulously striking a metal blank held between two engraved dies – that's the essence of early coin minting. This "hammer and anvil" technique, used by the Lydians and many other ancient civilizations, was a labor-intensive process. The force of the hammer blows determined the design imprint and the coin's thickness. This often resulted in inconsistencies in shape, weight, and detail. Despite its limitations, the hammer and anvil method served its purpose for centuries, laying the foundation for future advancements.
Below is an illustration taken from umich.edu and then a couple of collections of hammered ancient coins:
While I love and specialize in 18th Century Spanish coins, most of which were still hammered in the Spanish Colonies, my favorite hammered coins are Athenian Drachma like the one pictured below:
The Screw Press Revolution (16th Century Europe)
The 16th century witnessed a game-changer in minting technology – the arrival of the screw press. This ingenious invention replaced the reliance on human muscle with a mechanical advantage. A screw mechanism applied immense pressure, ensuring consistent and sharper impressions on the coins. The screw press also allowed for the creation of reeded edges, making coins more difficult to counterfeit by shaving off precious metal. This innovation significantly increased production speed and quality, paving the way for the widespread adoption of coinage across Europe.
The below illustration is from royalmintmuseum.org.uk where you can learn more about this process:
These two coins from the late 18th century are both struck with a screw press and mounted for sale at Victoria Ashley Fine Jewelry
Modern High-Tech Processes (19th Century – Present)
The Industrial Revolution ushered in a new era of coin minting. The transition from steam-powered to electric presses in the 19th century further streamlined production. Combined with the introduction of automated feeding systems and advanced metal alloys, modern minting has become a marvel of efficiency. Today, high-tech processes like computer-controlled milling and laser engraving ensure intricate details and unparalleled security features on coins. These advancements not only guarantee the quality and authenticity of coins but also allow for the creation of stunning commemorative pieces that are works of art in themselves.
The evolution of minting techniques from the rudimentary hammer and anvil to today's high-tech wonders reflects the ingenuity and ever-growing demand for a reliable and secure system of coinage. As we move forward, who knows what new technological marvels might shape the future of coin production?
A World of Symbols on Coins: Power, Identity, and Beyond
Coins are more than just instruments of trade; they're miniature billboards proclaiming a civilization's power, identity, and even religious beliefs. The imagery adorning these metallic marvels offers a glimpse into the hearts and minds of the societies that created them.
Symbols of Power and Authority:
From the very beginning, coins served as potent symbols of a ruler's authority. The early Lydian coins, devoid of figures, relied on geometric shapes like lions or squares. These didn't just enhance the coin's aesthetics; they likely symbolized the power and legitimacy of the Lydian state.
Greek and Roman Rulers on Display:
As coinage spread westward, the imagery became more representational. Greek city-states proudly displayed their patron deities on their coins. Athens, for instance, featured the wise goddess Athena on its drachms, while Aegina showcased Poseidon's mighty trident. Similarly, the Roman Empire used coins to solidify the image of their emperors. Caesar Augustus, for example, had his portrait etched on his coins, a powerful statement of his reign.
Beyond Rulers: Gods, Heroes, and Mythology:
Coinage wasn't solely about portraying rulers. Mythological figures and narratives were also popular choices. Alexander the Great, the legendary Greek king, often associated himself with the demigod Heracles. No surprise then, that Alexander's coins frequently depicted Heracles, linking the king to strength and divine favor.
Image of a Tetradrachm of Alexander the Great with Hercules on the reverse from the British Museum. Learn more here.
Connecting Imagery to Historical Context:
The symbols on coins often mirrored the historical context of their time. During the Punic Wars, a series of brutal conflicts between Rome and Carthage, Roman coins featured imagery related to war and victory. This served as a potent propaganda tool, reminding citizens of their military prowess and the importance of the ongoing struggle.
By deciphering the symbols on coins, we can gain valuable insights into the political climate, religious beliefs, and artistic sensibilities of the societies that produced them. In essence, these tiny time capsules offer a fascinating window into the past, waiting to be explored.
The Guardians of Tiny Treasures: Unveiling the Stories Within
The captivating world of ancient coins isn't just for archaeologists and museum curators. It's a realm waiting to be explored by anyone with a curious mind and an appreciation for history and art. But how do these tiny treasures from the past reach our hands, and how can we unlock the stories they hold? Enter the fascinating world of coin preservation and understanding!
Archaeologists: Unearthing the Past, Piece by Piece
Imagine the thrill of uncovering a buried treasure trove – that's the reality for archaeologists. Through meticulous excavation and analysis, they bring these ancient coins back to light. Each coin, once meticulously documented and studied, becomes a piece of the historical puzzle. Archaeologists use these coins to date settlements, understand trade routes, and even glean insights into the social and economic structures of bygone eras.
Art Historians: Deciphering the Visual Language
Coins aren't just lumps of metal; they're canvases adorned with intricate details. Art historians step in to decipher the visual language on these miniature masterpieces. They analyze the symbolism, identify the artistic influences, and trace the evolution of styles across different cultures. By interpreting the imagery, they help us understand the values and beliefs held dear by the civilizations that created these coins.
Book Highlight 1: The Image of Political Power in the Reign of Nerva, AD 96-98 is an amazing example of how coins are playing a part in writing of history
Jewelers: Transforming Coins into Wearable Art History
Our company, Victoria Ashley Fine Jewelry, takes a unique approach to coin preservation and appreciation. We believe these historical artifacts deserve to be not just admired but also protected. Our skilled jewelers transform ancient coins into stunning pieces of wearable art. Through meticulous cleaning, restoration, and creative settings, they create breathtaking jewelry that allows you to carry a piece of history close to your heart. These wearable treasures not only enhance your personal style but also serve as conversation starters, sparking curiosity about the fascinating world of ancient coins.
By appreciating the roles of these dedicated professionals, we gain a deeper understanding of the journey ancient coins take – from being buried in the earth to becoming cherished objects of study, adornment, and historical significance. So, the next time you encounter an ancient coin, remember, it's not just a piece of metal; it's a captivating story waiting to be told. Embrace the history and art it embodies, and delve deeper into the captivating world of these tiny treasures!
Victoria Ashley Fine Jewelry is Uniquely Qualified to Create Custom Jewelry with Ancient Coins
Our staff includes many amazing people, and the inclusion of a master jewelry artist and an archaeologist make us uniquely qualified to present and protect your coin so generations of your family can find joy in this heirloom treasure.
If you find yourself in search of a coin or someone who will help you present your coin in a way the is beautiful and protective, we would love to schedule a time to meet and discuss all the possibilities with you.